经大佬推荐在Udemy上搞了个理财课. 做做笔记学习一波,不然要穷哭了。
Save More Money
Tax Saving Tips
- Buy from another state。有些商品如果消费和生产是在同一个地方就会免税
- Keep proofs for charity events
- Company tax benefits
- Environmental tax break tip, 例如租用solar panel
- Hire an accountant,他们总有抵税的羊毛
- Hire your kids也可能抵税
- House expense也可能抵税
- 甚至找工作过程中的开销也可以减税,只需要保持所有的收据、驾驶历程照片即可
- Moving expense抵税,搬家过程中的收据
- Perception of expenses,当你意识到消费税太高了也会限制消费
- 把tax refund保管好
- 年轻时多存养老金
Car/Transportation Tips
- 等到月底/quarter-end再买,因为销售人员通常会有quota要完成. 这个规律甚至可以推广到开罚单的交警身上,月底通常更容易被抓超速
- 没有必要买全新的车;买二手车时请mechanic一起检查,在carfax做好功课
- 尽可能Carpoool,或者公共交通
- Ask a judge to reduce your fine
- 没必要买premium gas,除非是奢侈品级别的车;油价可以用gasBuddy监控
- insurance可能不需要买,因为信用卡公司都包了
- ODP port可以插一个Automatic.com的小部件,提醒你驾驶习惯
- 减少mechanic fee: 买一个ODB auto scanner,提醒你是否需要保养了
- 准备好零钱,可能cash停车有优惠。justpark.com可以出租停车位
- 设置限速为最高时速的10%,这样警察不会来抓;可以把遮阳板打下来,这样摄像头就拍不到脸(加州不能只看车牌),警察无法断定司机是谁
- 清空后备箱,减轻重量省油
- 打车前离开昂贵的地点(如酒店门口/机场之类的)
- 自己洗车,省钱
Child Tip
- 一年只买两次礼物:生日和节日
- 强调随手关灯
- Shopping with kids,教他们看成分表、比较单价
- teach 1 learn 2, 从小教育花钱理念,甚至可以倒卖东西赚小钱
- 随手关水,洗澡定时
Computer/Phone Tip
- 不用的时候一定要拔电源
- 利用好price match在实体店买电子产品的时候
- 变卖不再用的东西,尤其是电子产品。gazalle
- 不要用固定电话了,直接用wifi
- 不需要买extended warranty
Education
- Buy used books / rent textbooks.
- Keep all education related reciept for potential tax deduction
- 多利用图书馆
- Teach online可以赚外快
Fee
- argue all fines, always, 找各种理由
- 取钱时只在对应的银行取
- Mutual-Funds are a Rip-Off
- 使用现金会省很多钱😂
Gifts/Donation
- Ask for a receipt for any charity event, 捐衣服也算
- Stock也可以donate
- Pinterest上有好的gift idea, it’s the thought that counts not the cost that counts.
Health
- 买一些generic drugs, like Teva
- 买tracking wearables,尽量做到一天动10,000步,这是对健康最好的投资
- 多薅公司benefit的羊毛
Housing
- 出租成Airbnb赚外快
- DIY,借助YouTube进行装修
- Thermostat like Nest, 智能控制温度,热天时装上带有反射的窗帘
- 不要在经济形式大好的时候做remodel,不要请contractor
- Property tax: 跟政府代表表示这个房子价值较低以争取更低的税
- 在一个夏天很热冬天很冷的地方,在院子里的树不能是evergreen的,因为夏天可以遮阴,冬天叶子都落了就可以晒到太阳
- Buy a house in Q4
Shopping
- 保留非grocery购物的小票(服饰/鞋包/化妆品),如果之后打折了就可以回店里要求price match
- 除了大型连锁商店,去别的地方购物都尽量尝试和manager索要折扣,使用现金也可以索要折扣
- 使用chrome plugin自动搜索coupon(honey)
- Cash is King
- Clothes hesitation: 一旦有忧郁就坚决不要买
- 在Dollar Store/Goodwill买school supply
- 只在打折的时候买服饰
- 在costco/ebay/各种地方买打折的gc
- 在实体店购物可以看看amazon/walmart有没有同样的东西,要求price match
- Never buy new release, 6 mo it will be 50% off
- Turn off one-click shopping
- 利用信用卡的分数,最好是可以转换成航空里程的那种
- buy the things that don’t expire when no one is buying them
- 一定不要retail therapy,去gym散心最好
Perception of Money
- Making money is about independence. It’s about the freedom to do what you want to do, not the freedom of wanting to show it off.
- When a person’s possessions distract him from their purpose, they usually end up losing both.
Protecting Your Money
Hire a Finacial Advisor
- How’s their performance? Should be much higher than stock market returns.
- How much do they charge? Usually 1% of your asset. But do ask their real fees(commision/per-transaction fees)?
- Do they get commisions from any financial products that are sold to their clients? In case they are biased when trading.
- Ask if the firm that they work for makes them only sell financial products from that particular firm. This means limited choices. Almost unethetical!
- Is their a redemption fee when stop hiring them as financial advisor. Should be less than 1%.
- What percent of their net worth is in financial products they sell/recommend to their clients? Should be over 50%.
- If they manage a fund or investments, what percent of their net worth and the net worth of their parents/relatives are in those? should be over 10%.
- What percent of their client’s asset are liquit and can be redeemed immediately? Should be over 25%.
- Is their a government database that they registered at?
- What certificates do they have? CFA?
- Ask for 10 clients that you could speak with for feedback. If they don’t, it’s a redflag.
Tax
- Keep all your receipts and hire an accountant!
- W-2 from employer, 1099 from consulting/part-time job, K-1 from funds.
Retirement
- 退休时所需要的资金大约是工作时的75%。
- Education Tax savings: 平均养一个孩子到成年需要24万美金。
Make More Money
积少成多的investment fee damage
- 即便只是很少的investment fee,也会导致本金失去,进而导致大量理论最高收入被investment fee吞噬。
- 因此只推荐不超过0.5%的investment fee。
Mutual Funds v.s. Index Funds
- Mutual Funds: 绝对不推荐。即公司将你的投资放到股市、基金、商品等领域。95%的mutual fund投资回报率都无法击败index fund,例如S&P 500. 而且有很多隐藏的fee,可能达到5%。
- Index Funds: a group of stocks or other investments that that represent a market.例如S&P 500是500个美股代表股如苹果、chipolet的index. fee可能低至0.09%。
Index funds
- ETF: exchanged-traded funds。平均0.28%
- Vanguard: 推荐的ETF公司,平均0.09% fee;()
- iShare by BlackRock;
- PowerShare by Invesco, e.g. QQQ,看了一下感觉invesco的基金手续费太贵了,不推荐;
- State Street Spiders, e.g. SPY;
- Schwab, e.g. SCHB
- Sector-specific ETFs: OIH原油市场,XLE石油,XLF金融市场,IYR地产,EWZ巴西市场
Mutual Funds
- Load fund: 通过中间商购买会加手续费。
Investment Potforlio Management System
- 在buy之前,问自己will this company be more/less relevant in 5 yrs?
- 在sell(价格到达历史高点,抑或知晓了一些negative news)之前,问自己if I had known about this news item before I invested, would I still have bought it?
Stock
- 持有高风险投资的比例应该占(100-年龄)%。
- Four stock buying tips
- we don’t ever trade. 5年后这家公司是否会更relevant?
- do your own research. 不要依赖media,受访的专家/CEO有bias. 应该关注annual report, WSJ, ft.com,只看facts而不是editorial. 如果无法理解这家公司,不要投资!其中WSJ可以通过read across the aisle这款chrome插件免费阅读,需要每星期用邮箱激活。
- be a contrarian. Be fearful when others are greedy, be greedy when others are fearful.尤其是when buying a new stock position: patiently wait for a big pullback.
- Never ever use margin. 绝对不要贷款去投资。
- 股票指标详解
- Market Cap: 公司规模
- Volume: numbers of shares that traded,希望stocks trade a lot(liquid)
- Float Share: 市场上可流通的股数
- Book Value: 假如公司倒闭变卖所有财产后每股的价格
- Dividend Pay Date: 分红日期,有这种政策的公司很可能在分红后下跌
- Dividend Yield: 分红的比例per share
- Forward P/E Ratio: 该需要投资者投入的资金比上公司每赚一块钱,理论上越低越好,即相同收益下需要投资者投入更少才好,但是成长期的公司通常都是比较高的
- PEG Ratio: P/E Ratio / earnings_growth_rate,越低越好,尽量选择2x以下的(for growth investors instead of value investors)
- Price/Book: 尽量选择1x或以下的
- Price/Sales: 如果公司尚不能盈利,就没法看P/E了,只能看营收值,也是越低越好
- Beta: 用于衡量股票volatility的,以S&P 500=1为标准,小于1说明风险小、大于1说明风险大
- Beta Exposure: Beta * size_of_position
- Risk Management
- 每一只股票不应超过portforlio 10%,也不应当过多投入同一个sector。
- 进入sec官网可以看到所有上市公司的报表,其中10-K是去年报表,清楚地列出了公司的营收状况以及risk分析。
- Value Investors v.s. Growth Investors
- Value Investors: prefer companies that issue dividends,分红就像借钱给别人收利息
- 喜欢price-to-book ratio接近或小于1的公司
- 喜欢买更低price earnings multiple的股票,通常小于10
- Growth Investors: prefer high-price stocks that are growing really fast,认为当前股价相比5-10年后已经很便宜了
- 喜欢投资目前尚未盈利的公司
- 更关注price-to-revenue multiple
- 更关注price-to-earnings ratio,或者是PEG(price-to-earning divided by growth rate),越低越好,通常小于2就很不错
- 当前公司的trading price是当前的earning多少多少倍,这个倍数称为priced earnings multiple
- Value Investors: prefer companies that issue dividends,分红就像借钱给别人收利息
股神巴菲特
- 最好的投资就在于垄断行业。
- monopoly: 绝对垄断,没有任何竞争对手
- oligopoly: 若干寡头之间有部分竞争
三大国际组织
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- 隶属于联合国。希望1930经济大萧条不再发生、全球的GDP(gross domestic product)增长
- 给国家提供建议,借款给国家
- unbiased source来了解世界/国家经济状况,如果连续两个季度GDP表现都很差就标志着经济危机到来
World Bank
- 致力于减少全球贫困
- unbiased source
- GDP per capita可以看到各国的revenue(不含支出); Real interest rate(考虑了物价因素,而不是nominal的)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
- 致力于维护国际贸易往来的秩序,解决争端
如何理解利率
- 利率升高意味着倾向于将钱放在银行。若预测不久的将来利率会显著上升,我们就需要lock in a long-term mortgage loan以保证最大化利用当前的低利率
- 利率反应了macro economy,也就会影响stock和bond
- 政府从银行回购bond,意味着银行有更多的cash,money supply上升从而市场上price of money下降,利率就会降低。简而言之,price of money equals interest rates.
- 当经济衰退/即将衰退时,国家会释放cash以降低利率,从而刺激经济;当经济很猛时国家会回收cash以囤积bullet以备不时之需。
- commodities也是经济的风向标,经济不行时黄金价格就会暴涨,建议是留10%的net worth投入commodities.
- 高利率也意味着更少的工作,因为投资活动减少,人们倾向于存入银行或者买政府债券bond
如何理解汇率
- 一个以出口原材料为主的国家的通胀率通常与商品价格有关,价格越高,需要换取的货币越多,市面上流通的货币减少,汇率越强劲
- 当柏林墙倒塌时很多东柏林的廉价劳动力涌入导致低利率
- 有些国家为了维持稳定,将本国货币与一些大国货币挂钩,通过大量购入/释放cash维持汇率固定,当cash花完后就无法再维持了
Bond
- Coupon Bond: 20世纪发行的债券有coupon,每隔一段时间就可以转换成cash(dividend),到期(at maturity)后全款退回。
- Zero-Coupon Bond: 没有定期coupon,但是在买入的时候是用discounted的价格买的,相当于到期后还是有赚。
- 在投资前需要评估bond的risk,通过Moody’s或者Standard & Poor’s,评级为Aaa, Aa, A, Bbb, Bb, B。只推荐A以上的
- 四种Treasure
- treasury bills: 在12个月以内mature
- treasury notes: 在1~10年之间mature,通常每6个月可以用coupon换钱
- treasury bonds: 在10~30年之间mature
- treasury inflation protected securitiies(TIPS):
- 在Yahoo finance bonds中查找bond信息,在ETF的Holding中可以看到他们的构成、评级的percentage。
Commodities
- 对硬通货的投资是一个great addition to your diversified portfolio.
- Scarcity value: 物以稀为贵,在20~30年后产量变少因而价格会增高。当GDP预测会增高时,oil, copper, iron ore这些会用在building中的原料就会走高。
- Fear Investment: 对经济未来不确定而缺乏信心,黄金价格就会走高(ETF: GLD);类似的还有银(ETF: SLV),与黄金不同的是
- 一些例子:oklahoma oil(USO), natural gas(UNG), agricutral products(DBA), copper(JJC)
- Yahoo finance commodities
- ETFDB Top 118 commodities ETF
Real Estate
- location, location, location
- 利率低时房价倾向于走高,但同时贷款的利息也是低的,所以需要权衡。一个规律是:不要买房子,当你需要贷款的数目是你年收入的2倍以上。Lenders prefer to see you spend less than 30% of your annual income.
- For those in their twenties: Save save save as much as you can to land a huge down payment and reasonable amount of loan/mortgage.
- 11件在买房前需要考虑的小建议:
- 是否可以将房间的一部分租给别人以支付贷款,例如Airbnb?
- 尽可能hire a real estate lawyer before you sign anything,因为他们可以争取最佳的inspection fee, appraisal, etc.
- 需要hire real estate broker,有很多繁琐的paperwork,尽管有5%的服务费
- Get pre-approval for a mortgage amount and show it with your offer to the seller
- Make sure you live in a good school district
- Try your best to get a fixed mortgage. NO ARMs(Adjustable rate mortgage)!当贷款利率下降时,立刻联系mortgage broker以refinance at a lower rate.
- 首付至少支付25%(down payment),首付越多越好
- Be organized. 从工作的offer letter, 到之前租房的合同,所有都放到对应年份的accordian folder里。
- 绝对不要renovate your house,因为工人通常会索要比你预想的贵一倍的报酬。
- 不要买在neighborhood中最好最贵的房子,因为在卖的时候买家会与周边recently sold的房子比较而觉得你无端抬价。
- 不要买交通不方便的房子。
- 如果考虑买房作为投资的建议:
- set up a limited liability company or other types that can protect you. hire lawyers/accountants. 购买度假型的房屋作为投资是很糟糕的选择,因为当经济下行时这些vacation房屋一定会首当其冲,因此要考虑地段好的、学区好的、能找到租客的作为投资。
- property management: 如果不想自己打理,干脆找专业人士维护租房事宜,例如收房租、维修等。
- Make an income statement for each investment property before go for it. 保证cashflow是正的。
- Who is the target market? 了解潜在租客/买家,离餐厅酒吧近->年轻人,学区->家庭,机场酒店->公务人士。
- DIY: 尽可能自己搞renovation,除了危险的如电线、大型机械操作等。
- 了解restrictions,例如zoning code, pets, renting rate, rent to business, etc.
- Comparable recent sales: 比较最近出售的类似房屋的价格。
- 向accountant/lawyer咨询是否有tax issue/benefit.
- 在签文件之前务必和律师商量,并保证deal subject to inspection,例如asbestos, plumbing, bugs, electricity各种问题
- Never buy the first place you see if you are new to this.第一个投资应当尽量小,例如apartment,可以帮助了解这个行业和各种问题,毕竟illiguid might own us in difficult economy.
- 搜索Forecolsures可能很划算
- Do your own research. Do not trust real estate brokers.
Mortgage
- 四种类型的贷款
- interest-only mortgage: 不建议。支付的只是利息,更像一个rent而不是真正拥有房子。
- 30-year fixed mortgage: 建议。贷款利息保持不变直到结束。
- 15-year fixed mortgage;
- adjustable rate mortgage(ARMs): 利息可能比较诱人,但没有上限,需要考虑在最坏的情况下需要支付多少、是否可能承受。